《AI が教育を革命的に変える方法（そしてそれが良いことなのはなぜか）》読書ノート#
著者: サルマン・カーン
読書時間: 3 時間
これは私が WeChat 読書で《AI が教育を革命的に変える方法（そしてそれが良いことなのはなぜか）》を読んでいるときに記録したノートと抜粋です。
導入：新しい物語を共に書こう - Introduction: Let’s Write a New Story Together#
You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. あなたはただ水を見つめているだけでは海を渡ることはできません。 — ラビンドラナート・タゴール
As for teachers, was this going to be a boon, or was this going to undermine their ability to teach students? At no point did I think that AI was going to put teachers out of work, and in the best-case scenario it was going to accelerate their ability to teach their students, but I also worried it might undermine that ability in critical ways too.
You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. あなたはただ水を見つめているだけでは海を渡ることはできません。 — ラビンドラナート・タゴール
As for teachers, was this going to be a boon, or was this going to undermine their ability to teach students? At no point did I think that AI was going to put teachers out of work, and in the best-case scenario it was going to accelerate their ability to teach their students, but I also worried it might undermine that ability in critical ways too.
第一部：AI チューターの台頭 - Part I: Rise of the AI Tutor#
In your Primer you have a resource that will make you highly educated, but it will never make you intelligent. That comes from life. Your life up to this point has given you all the experience you need to be intelligent, but you have to think about those experiences. If you don’t think about them, you’ll be psychologically unwell. If you do think about them, you will become not merely educated but intelligent.
In your Primer you have a resource that will make you highly educated, but it will never make you intelligent. That comes from life. Your life up to this point has given you all the experience you need to be intelligent, but you have to think about those experiences. If you don’t think about them, you’ll be psychologically unwell. If you do think about them, you will become not merely educated but intelligent.
瓶を捨てる - Throwing Away the Bottle#
The meme circulating on the internet that reads “You won’t be replaced by an AI, but you might be replaced by someone using AI” has some real truth to it.
Those who can steer AI to partner with them, and know what great writing entails, will be those who get the best output from the technology. Those who feed their curiosity will be the most likely to see around corners in the marketplace. Those who can brainstorm with the AI and their colleagues will appear more creative than those who don’t use AI or those who completely outsource their work to it.
The meme circulating on the internet that reads “You won’t be replaced by an AI, but you might be replaced by someone using AI” has some real truth to it.
Those who can steer AI to partner with them, and know what great writing entails, will be those who get the best output from the technology. Those who feed their curiosity will be the most likely to see around corners in the marketplace. Those who can brainstorm with the AI and their colleagues will appear more creative than those who don’t use AI or those who completely outsource their work to it.
第二部：社会科学に声を与える - Part II: Giving Voice to the Social Sciences#
Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. 芸術は神と芸術家のコラボレーションであり、芸術家がすることが少ないほど良い。 — アンドレ・ジッド
Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. 芸術は神と芸術家のコラボレーションであり、芸術家がすることが少ないほど良い。 — アンドレ・ジッド
人工知能と創造性 - AI and Creativity#
I agree and disagree with him. Artificial intelligence is not human, no matter how much it approximates being human. Regardless of how well it conveys intelligence, personality, and creativity, it is not a sentient, perceiving being.
The best ideas will come not from the AI creating for us but when the AI is creating and riffing with us.
I believe the goal of humanity is to enjoy the creating, the learning, and the perfecting.
This seems possible when you consider that creativity is likely a combination of one’s exposure to large, disparate amounts of experiences and content, coupled with opportunity to express and improve on that creativity. Mozart, Einstein, and da Vinci weren’t just innately gifted. They had access to opportunities and resources that the bulk of humanity didn’t have access to. Technology has generally lowered the cost of access to world-class tools and learning. Our mission of free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere would have seemed delusional without computers and the internet. AI is going to be the next technological wave that empowers future creatives in art and science. The AI, along with feeding us information on nearly any topic, becomes a companion in art, aiding in this practice. Not only does it allow students to produce more polished, finished works, but it can model the creative process with them. It can riff with students and ignite their curiosity, spark their imagination, and invite them to explore the wonders of knowledge. When I think about the most creative times in my own life, it was when I was surrounded by creative friends. This AI becomes one extra friend who can be creative, not just in music, the arts, engineering, or math, but in all dimensions.
I agree and disagree with him. Artificial intelligence is not human, no matter how much it approximates being human. Regardless of how well it conveys intelligence, personality, and creativity, it is not a sentient, perceiving being.
The best ideas will come not from the AI creating for us but when the AI is creating and riffing with us.
I believe the goal of humanity is to enjoy the creating, the learning, and the perfecting.
This seems possible when you consider that creativity is likely a combination of one’s exposure to large, disparate amounts of experiences and content, coupled with opportunity to express and improve on that creativity. Mozart, Einstein, and da Vinci weren’t just innately gifted. They had access to opportunities and resources that the bulk of humanity didn’t have access to. Technology has generally lowered the cost of access to world-class tools and learning. Our mission of free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere would have seemed delusional without computers and the internet. AI is going to be the next technological wave that empowers future creatives in art and science. The AI, along with feeding us information on nearly any topic, becomes a companion in art, aiding in this practice. Not only does it allow students to produce more polished, finished works, but it can model the creative process with them. It can riff with students and ignite their curiosity, spark their imagination, and invite them to explore the wonders of knowledge. When I think about the most creative times in my own life, it was when I was surrounded by creative friends. This AI becomes one extra friend who can be creative, not just in music, the arts, engineering, or math, but in all dimensions.
第三部：次世代の革新者を力づける - Part III: Empowering the Next Innovators#
What is a scientist after all? It is a curious man looking through a keyhole, the keyhole of nature, trying to know what’s going on. 科学者とは一体何でしょうか？それは自然の鍵穴を通して何が起こっているのかを知ろうとする好奇心旺盛な人です。 — ジャック＝イヴ・クストー
If an elderly but distinguished scientist says that something is possible, he is almost certainly right; but if he says that it is impossible, he is very probably wrong. もし年配の著名な科学者が何かが可能だと言ったら、彼はほぼ確実に正しいでしょう。しかし、もし彼がそれが不可能だと言ったら、彼は非常に可能性が高い間違いを犯しているでしょう。 — アーサー・C・クラーク
What is a scientist after all? It is a curious man looking through a keyhole, the keyhole of nature, trying to know what’s going on. 科学者とは一体何でしょうか？それは自然の鍵穴を通して何が起こっているのかを知ろうとする好奇心旺盛な人です。 — ジャック＝イヴ・クストー
If an elderly but distinguished scientist says that something is possible, he is almost certainly right; but if he says that it is impossible, he is very probably wrong. もし年配の著名な科学者が何かが可能だと言ったら、彼はほぼ確実に正しいでしょう。しかし、もし彼がそれが不可能だと言ったら、彼は非常に可能性が高い間違いを犯しているでしょう。 — アーサー・C・クラーク
学生が通常アクセスできないコースへのアクセス - Accessing Courses That Students Otherwise Would Not#
So if you want to make a system that can actually hope to teach a student an entire subject, a generative AI–based tutor becomes that much more powerful when paired with a complete course progression (what educators call a complete scope and sequence), which is exactly what Khan Academy has been building from pre-K through college across subjects from its inception.
So if you want to make a system that can actually hope to teach a student an entire subject, a generative AI–based tutor becomes that much more powerful when paired with a complete course progression (what educators call a complete scope and sequence), which is exactly what Khan Academy has been building from pre-K through college across subjects from its inception.
第四部：共に進む - Part IV: Better Together#
To know oneself is to study oneself in action with another person. 自分を知ることは、他の人と一緒に行動する中で自分を研究することです。 — ブルース・リー
To know oneself is to study oneself in action with another person. 自分を知ることは、他の人と一緒に行動する中で自分を研究することです。 — ブルース・リー
協働学習の強化 - Bolstering Collaborative Learning#
At the end of the day, academic learning isn’t really the only purpose of schooling. Schooling is also about building human connection through friendships, shared adventures, and mutual support.
At the end of the day, academic learning isn’t really the only purpose of schooling. Schooling is also about building human connection through friendships, shared adventures, and mutual support.
AI ベースの教育における親の位置 - The Place for Parents in AI-Based Education#
vegging.
The best teacher or parent assistant is the one that children can turn to exactly when they need support.
vegging.
The best teacher or parent assistant is the one that children can turn to exactly when they need support.
事実を提供する：偏見と誤情報の状況 - Delivering the Facts: The State of Bias and Misinformation#
Well before the internet, these same dynamics played out across traditional mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. It’s no secret that politicians lie. From the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to a military escalation in Vietnam to the specter of weapons of mass destruction justifying the invasion of Iraq, our governments have used spurious data to tell narratives that reinforced biases, while “credible” people and institutions just went along for the ride. This dynamic is of course even worse in dictatorial regimes where the government controls the media and stifles dissent.
Well before the internet, these same dynamics played out across traditional mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. It’s no secret that politicians lie. From the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to a military escalation in Vietnam to the specter of weapons of mass destruction justifying the invasion of Iraq, our governments have used spurious data to tell narratives that reinforced biases, while “credible” people and institutions just went along for the ride. This dynamic is of course even worse in dictatorial regimes where the government controls the media and stifles dissent.
第六部：AI 時代の教育 - Part VI: Teaching in the Age of AI#
A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on cold iron. 学ぶ意欲を持たせずに教えようとする教師は、冷たい鉄を叩いているのです。 — ホレイシャス・マン
A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on cold iron. 学ぶ意欲を持たせずに教えようとする教師は、冷たい鉄を叩いているのです。 — ホレイシャス・マン
AI が教師と教育能力をどのように強化するか - How AI Will Supercharge Teachers and Teaching#
I know a thing or two about the flipped classroom. In my 2011 TED Talk, I mentioned how, even then, teachers around the world were emailing me, telling me that because of the existence of Khan Academy videos, they did not feel that lectures were a good use of class time anymore. If kids could get microlessons in the form of on-demand video, at their own time and pace, class time could be used for Socratic dialogue, collaborative assignments, and supported student work. Essentially, lectures were now happening at home, and “homework” could now happen in a much more interactive classroom environment.
I know a thing or two about the flipped classroom. In my 2011 TED Talk, I mentioned how, even then, teachers around the world were emailing me, telling me that because of the existence of Khan Academy videos, they did not feel that lectures were a good use of class time anymore. If kids could get microlessons in the form of on-demand video, at their own time and pace, class time could be used for Socratic dialogue, collaborative assignments, and supported student work. Essentially, lectures were now happening at home, and “homework” could now happen in a much more interactive classroom environment.
第七部：グローバル教室 - Part VII: The Global Classroom#
The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed. この世界には誰もが必要とするものは十分にあるが、誰もが欲するものは十分にはない。 — マハトマ・ガンディー
The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed. この世界には誰もが必要とするものは十分にあるが、誰もが欲するものは十分にはない。 — マハトマ・ガンディー
第八部：AI、評価、入学 - Part VIII: AI, Assessments, and Admissions#
Evaluation is creation: hear it, you creators! Evaluating is itself the most valuable treasure of all that we value. It is only through evaluation that value exists: and without evaluation the nut of existence would be hollow. Hear it, you creators! 評価は創造です：聞け、創造者たちよ！評価は私たちが大切にするすべての中で最も貴重な宝です。評価を通じてのみ価値が存在します：評価がなければ、存在の実は空洞です。聞け、創造者たちよ！ — フリードリヒ・ニーチェ
Evaluation is creation: hear it, you creators! Evaluating is itself the most valuable treasure of all that we value. It is only through evaluation that value exists: and without evaluation the nut of existence would be hollow. Hear it, you creators! 評価は創造です：聞け、創造者たちよ！評価は私たちが大切にするすべての中で最も貴重な宝です。評価を通じてのみ価値が存在します：評価がなければ、存在の実は空洞です。聞け、創造者たちよ！ — フリードリヒ・ニーチェ
大学入試の AI - The AI of College Admissions#
Rather than introducing new problems in college admissions, AI is forcing us to realize existing deficiencies while offering the possibility for positive change. Used thoughtfully, perhaps with a bit of educated bravery, it might enable us to move to a fairer and more transparent world.
Rather than introducing new problems in college admissions, AI is forcing us to realize existing deficiencies while offering the possibility for positive change. Used thoughtfully, perhaps with a bit of educated bravery, it might enable us to move to a fairer and more transparent world.
第九部：仕事と次に起こること - Part IX: Work and What Comes Next#
Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. プロのようにルールを学び、アーティストのようにそれを破ることができるように。 — パブロ・ピカソ
Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. プロのようにルールを学び、アーティストのようにそれを破ることができるように。 — パブロ・ピカソ
AI の世界における雇用 - Employment in an AI World#
What will jobs in an AI-infused marketplace look like and how do we prepare our learners for them? Since ChatGPT came on the scene, many in the know have been saying that you won’t get replaced by AI, but you might get replaced by someone else using AI.
The successful strategy will not be to resist but to adapt.
What will jobs in an AI-infused marketplace look like and how do we prepare our learners for them? Since ChatGPT came on the scene, many in the know have been saying that you won’t get replaced by AI, but you might get replaced by someone else using AI.
The successful strategy will not be to resist but to adapt.
子供たちを AI 未来の職場で成功させるために準備する方法 - How to Prepare Kids to Thrive in the AI-Future Workplace#
“Exactly what the job market of tomorrow looks like is very hard to predict, but the deeper the skill set, whether it’s medical consultation, scientific thinking, or customer support, the more value it’s going to have, even in a world where productivity will be enhanced by AI,” Bill Gates tells me.
Step one is to get out of the way. I believe all human beings are born highly creative and entrepreneurial. Unfortunately, our Industrial Revolution–designed education system unintentionally suppresses both traits. Kids learn to sit in rows, make no noise, and take notes. They are spoon-fed knowledge and forced to learn in lockstep. Both academically and socially, nonconformity is punished. When students are young adults and most capable of being creative entrepreneurs, the system instead bogs them down with hours of busywork that squeezes out any time for their passions.
As Bill Gates mentioned, the successful workers of the future will be those with deep and broad skills.
“Exactly what the job market of tomorrow looks like is very hard to predict, but the deeper the skill set, whether it’s medical consultation, scientific thinking, or customer support, the more value it’s going to have, even in a world where productivity will be enhanced by AI,” Bill Gates tells me.
Step one is to get out of the way. I believe all human beings are born highly creative and entrepreneurial. Unfortunately, our Industrial Revolution–designed education system unintentionally suppresses both traits. Kids learn to sit in rows, make no noise, and take notes. They are spoon-fed knowledge and forced to learn in lockstep. Both academically and socially, nonconformity is punished. When students are young adults and most capable of being creative entrepreneurs, the system instead bogs them down with hours of busywork that squeezes out any time for their passions.
As Bill Gates mentioned, the successful workers of the future will be those with deep and broad skills.
求職者と雇用主のマッチング - Matchmaking Between Job Seekers and Employers#
It’s worth acknowledging that this might make some people uneasy. In fact, one of the biggest fears around AI is the bias it might introduce while screening résumés or interviewing candidates. I’ll be the first to admit that it will be near impossible to create a system that is free of bias. Yet I’d argue that AI will be an improvement when it can be demonstrably less biased and more consistent than the status quo, which is subjective and full of bias. Yes, we should heavily scrutinize any AI systems that claim they can assist in the recruiting process, but I also think that eventually you will have the tools that have not only made the process more inclusive and efficient but have also made it far less biased.
It’s worth acknowledging that this might make some people uneasy. In fact, one of the biggest fears around AI is the bias it might introduce while screening résumés or interviewing candidates. I’ll be the first to admit that it will be near impossible to create a system that is free of bias. Yet I’d argue that AI will be an improvement when it can be demonstrably less biased and more consistent than the status quo, which is subjective and full of bias. Yes, we should heavily scrutinize any AI systems that claim they can assist in the recruiting process, but I also think that eventually you will have the tools that have not only made the process more inclusive and efficient but have also made it far less biased.
これが私たちをどこに置き、どこに連れて行くのか：教育を受けた勇気への呼びかけ - Where This Leaves Us and Where It Will Take Us: A Call for Educated Bravery#
My curiosity wasn’t just about fostering genius. If everyone had access to truly great education, I wondered, how many more billions of people might attain purpose and meaning in their lives?
There were two notions I couldn’t get out of my head, however. First, I tend to believe in market forces, but there are a few sectors—namely, education and health care—where the outcomes of market forces don’t always align with our values. Education and health care are two areas where our shared values tell us that, ideally, family resources shouldn’t be a limiting factor in accessing the best possible opportunities. Most of us believe that every mind and life deserves to reach its full potential.
When I first read the Foundation series in middle school, I found it inspiring to think along those time scales. It was also the first moment I truly appreciated that the strength of a civilization doesn’t lie in its physical size, power, and wealth. Those are just by-products of where the real strength lies: a society’s culture, know-how, and mindset.
This is not something to be taken lightly; there is real urgency here. Despite making us far more productive as a whole, this technology also has the potential to displace or disrupt many industries and jobs. The traditional labor pyramid—with less-skilled manual labor forming the bottom layer, bureaucratic white-collar jobs making up the middle layer, and highly skilled knowledge work and entrepreneurship making up the top—no longer applies. Robotics, including self-driving cars and trucks, is going to dramatically reduce the need for humans in that bottom layer. Generative AI can clearly perform large aspects of the work of the middle, white-collar layer and even parts of today’s most skilled professions. A society in which all the productivity and resulting wealth accrues to only the tippy-top of the traditional labor pyramid, likely concentrated in Silicon Valley, with many others out of work, will not be a stable one. It might lead to massive wealth redistribution efforts. This scenario is dystopian because most people aren’t looking for a handout. Rather, they want to have a sense of purpose and a feeling of contributing to the world.
The real solution is to invert that labor pyramid so that most people can operate at the top and use AI and other technology for their own productivity and entrepreneurship. The only way we have a hope of doing this is to use the same AI technology to lift the skills of a large chunk of humanity in the coming decades.
These very real possibilities may motivate some to advocate for slowing down innovation. Honestly, even I find the pace of its development dizzying. But the genie is out of the bottle, and the bad actors are not about to slow down because we want them to. Today, the good actors have the edge, but it really is a race. The countermeasure for every risk is not slowing down; it is ensuring that those favoring liberty and empowering humanity have better AI than those on the side of chaos and despotism.
Each of us has an obligation to make sure that we use this technology responsibly. This means that as developers we must put the necessary guardrails on it to protect our children. When problems arise, we should apply reasonable regulations, regulations that don’t give an edge to rule breakers. All the while, we must accelerate our efforts and make sure that we are developing the technology with the right intent and the right pedagogy. This will allow us to accelerate the improvement of human purpose and potential. Let’s use AI to create a new golden age for humanity, a time that will make today look like a dark age. From my vantage point, nothing could be more inspiring and important than that.
My curiosity wasn’t just about fostering genius. If everyone had access to truly great education, I wondered, how many more billions of people might attain purpose and meaning in their lives?
There were two notions I couldn’t get out of my head, however. First, I tend to believe in market forces, but there are a few sectors—namely, education and health care—where the outcomes of market forces don’t always align with our values. Education and health care are two areas where our shared values tell us that, ideally, family resources shouldn’t be a limiting factor in accessing the best possible opportunities. Most of us believe that every mind and life deserves to reach its full potential.
When I first read the Foundation series in middle school, I found it inspiring to think along those time scales. It was also the first moment I truly appreciated that the strength of a civilization doesn’t lie in its physical size, power, and wealth. Those are just by-products of where the real strength lies: a society’s culture, know-how, and mindset.
This is not something to be taken lightly; there is real urgency here. Despite making us far more productive as a whole, this technology also has the potential to displace or disrupt many industries and jobs. The traditional labor pyramid—with less-skilled manual labor forming the bottom layer, bureaucratic white-collar jobs making up the middle layer, and highly skilled knowledge work and entrepreneurship making up the top—no longer applies. Robotics, including self-driving cars and trucks, is going to dramatically reduce the need for humans in that bottom layer. Generative AI can clearly perform large aspects of the work of the middle, white-collar layer and even parts of today’s most skilled professions. A society in which all the productivity and resulting wealth accrues to only the tippy-top of the traditional labor pyramid, likely concentrated in Silicon Valley, with many others out of work, will not be a stable one. It might lead to massive wealth redistribution efforts. This scenario is dystopian because most people aren’t looking for a handout. Rather, they want to have a sense of purpose and a feeling of contributing to the world.
The real solution is to invert that labor pyramid so that most people can operate at the top and use AI and other technology for their own productivity and entrepreneurship. The only way we have a hope of doing this is to use the same AI technology to lift the skills of a large chunk of humanity in the coming decades.
These very real possibilities may motivate some to advocate for slowing down innovation. Honestly, even I find the pace of its development dizzying. But the genie is out of the bottle, and the bad actors are not about to slow down because we want them to. Today, the good actors have the edge, but it really is a race. The countermeasure for every risk is not slowing down; it is ensuring that those favoring liberty and empowering humanity have better AI than those on the side of chaos and despotism.
Each of us has an obligation to make sure that we use this technology responsibly. This means that as developers we must put the necessary guardrails on it to protect our children. When problems arise, we should apply reasonable regulations, regulations that don’t give an edge to rule breakers. All the while, we must accelerate our efforts and make sure that we are developing the technology with the right intent and the right pedagogy. This will allow us to accelerate the improvement of human purpose and potential. Let’s use AI to create a new golden age for humanity, a time that will make today look like a dark age. From my vantage point, nothing could be more inspiring and important than that.
この記事は WeRead-xLog 同期ツールによって自動生成されました